Media and Racism free essay sample

The Media only knows Money and Ratings Media programs like FOX have a problem with reporting murders and kidnappings of white, blonde, and blue eyed women only. The fact that news programs do not report all disappearances and murders equally is an issue. American minorities would like to know why. If you are informing the public of recent kidnappings and murders, you need to reach out to all ranges of society. The media’s way of reporting is bound to cause uproar with some of their viewers, and may begin to lose them. It is immortal and unethical to focus on the victimization of only the majority. According to Boyd, the media neglects the minority because it would reduce their ratings and views. Ratings for FOX and NBC seem to be more important than actual truthful reports. The news programs should be less concerned about ratings and more on their values and morals, because it is represented in what they report to their viewers. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and Racism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"This is a free country, yet people still believe they can take our freedoms away† (MrBrianBeach). So FOX and NBC keeping murder and disappearance for society is like taking our rights to know about cases of missing and murdered people. Sardou 2 Viewers should have the possibility to decide which report they are interested in, and which to be informed on. Nevadastatecollege on youtube. com explains that mainstream media adds too much of a disproportionate amount of media coverage compared to how likely these white women are to be victims. The percentages are a lot larger than the norm. Making white women believe they are the main targets for criminals, which is statistically proven incorrect. White women are 7% less likely to be part of domestic violence, and 9% of them live in safer neighborhoods than non-white women. White women take part in less than 8. 6% of non-violent crimes compared to 3. 6% that are involved in violent crimes. This still only makes up 29 percent of crimes done by women. The fact mainstream media is leaving out the poor and the minority is racist. News should be for all ranges of society and not only focused around upper class whites. Boyd believes that the news programs like to concentrate their reports on the higher class and higher educated citizens solely in hopes of receiving better ratings for their television programs. I think people focus mainly on white racism, because it affects people the most. Whether we like it or not, white people still greatly control this country. White people still have the upper hand in many situations, and therefore white racism is more prominent in our lives. Although the face of the missing in America is typically overwhelmingly white and blonde, people of color account for a full 40 percent of all missing-persons cases, and African-Americans make up a staggering share of those non-white cases. Sardou 3 According to FBI statistics, 273,985 people of color were reported missing in the United States in 2010. In eight of 10 of those cases, the victims were black (Latour Francie). If blacks make up such a substantial number of missing cases, why aren’t they not reported on the most? This leaves the argument that the media has a problem against colored Americans. Also we must confront that there still is some racism in America. For example an incident that happened in Linden NJ, two Mexican immigrants walked into a deli store to order some coffee and sandwiches. But rather than getting served, they got hit with insults hurled at them from the clerk behind the counter. Their broken-English request for food was met with a barrage of racist remarks, including, Get back in your pickup truck with the rest of your family. In the face of discrimination, many of the bystanders seemed immobilized, some too stunned to react. After being turned away by the cashier, one of the day laborers asked a nearby customer for help. She suggested that he try another store down the street. Many other customers had a similar reaction, quietly walking away after being solicited to help. That is surprising that someone would be able to witness this problem and not address the situation. The way the victims were treated is unjust and cruel. Americans need to speak their mind when disrespectful behavior is seen around them; it might help diminish racism in an America. Let’s identity Missing White Women Syndrome and maybe even end it. The name MWWS is was given by Sheri Parks, a professor of American studies at the University of Maryland (Cooper). The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that each year roughly 58,000 children are the victims of nonfamily abductions. Sardou 4 Of those, about 65 percent involved children of color. It is a reality that does not square with the victims who have attained iconic status among the missing (Latour Francie). Minorities’ not getting equal coverage and yet being involved in more than half of the disappearances seems very unethical on the part of mainstream media. MWWS: is it racism or realism? The news cannot cover every murder, but ignoring them all or reporting just statistics seems irresponsible. So how should the media decide whose life or loss is covered (Cooper). First, giving cases too much coverage time such as Natalee Holloway, Lori Hacking, and Laci Peterson is not fair to the families and friends of the other victims, who have not been given any coverage time. The story of Natalee Ann Holloway, born on October 21, 1986 was a teenage girl that just graduated from Mountain Brook High School on May 24, 2005. Shortly after went on a graduation vacation to Aruba with the school. During the trip Natalee happened to have gone missing. The FBI at first had no information on her, and her whereabouts. After some investigating the police found that she had been a foliated with Joran van der Sloot. She was last seen by her classmates outside Carlosn Charlies. Later that year Joran van der Sloot was sent to a prison in Peru for the murder of Stephanie Flores. After hundreds of volunteers and search parties had no result of Natalee or her body they slowly gave up, except for Dave and Beth Holloway who are Natalee’s parents. They went high school to high school preaching about save traveling and buddy systems. Also having Natalee’s case on the news none stop. Sardou 5 It has been 6 years since her disappearance on May 30, 2005. Unfortunately Natalee has probably been murdered but yet her story is still being covered and maybe replacing other needed reports. Lori Kay Soares Hacking was born on December 31, 1976, from Salt Lake City. She was reported missing by her husband, and the search earned national attention. After numerous searches nd nothing showing up, her husband Mark Hacking on April 15, 2005 pleaded guilty to the murder of his wife. Due to this case on March 20, 2006, Utah House Bill 102 also called Loris Law, passed. The bill increases the minimum penalty for a person convicted of first degree murder in Utah to fifteen years to life. Laci Denise Peterson born on May 4, 1975 from Modesto, California was an American woman who went missing on December 23, 2002. Her case switched to a highl y discussed murder case after she went missing while seven and a half months pregnant with her first child. Peterson was reportedly last seen alive on December 24, 2002. Her husband, Scott Peterson, was later convicted of murder in the first degree for Laci, and in the second degree for their prenatal son. Scott Peterson is currently on death row at San Quentin State Prison. The cases the media tends to focus on and provide more coverage of are those involving a white female, who is relatively young, middle class and conventionally attractive. For murder or missing person’s case, time and media coverage is important. It could lead to someone coming forward and a killer being found, or the victim being found. Sardou 6 The Sohman murders generated an amount of 898 newspaper articles in under weeks, yet Hannah Williams who went missing around the same time only generated a total of 62 articles. It is suggested that the Sohmans fulfill the criteria of being a model middle-class school, while Willaims is a girl with a working class background with a stud in her nose did not. A police spokesperson described Williams’ mother as â€Å"not really press conference material†, and the Sohman parents continued to dominate the newspaper headlines. William’s case was forgotten by the news media almost immediately cause to poor news coverage. Another example of Missing White Women Syndrome is the murder of Latoya Figeroa and the disappearance of Natalee Holloway. The media provided saturation coverage of Natalee;s disappearance, but very little about Latoya, who was of American-American and Hispanic descent. More than a month after she had been missing, Latoya’s body was discovered. She had been 5 months pregnant. Another example is that of Jessica Lynch and Lori Piestewa. Jessica Lynch was heavily covered by the media, but Loir Piestewa was virtually ignored even though she died in an attack while fighting with the army in Iraq. Media critics suggest that Lynch’s story was promoted because she was more â€Å"palatable† and â€Å"identifiable† figure. Another case of Missing White Women Syndrome is the disappearance of Shelton Sanders. Despite being a high-achieving college student with a father who is a country magistrate, 25 year old Shelton’s case received little attention expect in his hometown of Rembert. Meanwhile the disappearance of fellow USC, Dail Dinwiddie, has continued to receive Sardou 7 ational attention more than a dozen years after she vanished in 1992. Although Shelton’s body has not yet been found, police have gathered more evidence and have charged a suspect in his murder. These are all terrible and unfortunate tragedies, but the media needs to cover all cases fairly to try and help as man people and families as possible. My condolences go to the family and friends of all the victims, but back to the rumors of Missing White Women Syndrome, these reports took and replaced many other stories of people who went missing that could have used the extra coverage time as well. Nevadastatecollege touches on how white women are not particularly the targets of crimes or criminals, but white women are the primary targets of fear-based propaganda and marketing. The disappointing part is it that â€Å"Not only the US but also the United Kingdom and Germany are having issues with Missing White Women Syndrome† (MrBrianBeach). So this issue of not giving minorities equal cover time is universal in predominantly white society. Mainstream media is having an issue with giving too much coverage on murder and missing cases of the majority. If you are informing the public of recent kidnappings and murders, you need to reach out to all ranges of society. The media can fix the problem just by simply giving minority murder and missing cases equally coverage time

The Detailed Guide on How to Write a Physics Term Paper

The Detailed Guide on How to Write a Physics Term Paper Writing a term paper is a significant part of the scientific work the student can perform during the process of studying. This kind of paper develops critical thinking and facilitates further explorations towards the specific problem. Due to the realization of differences between the essay, term and research paper on physics will provide the writer with the opportunity to create the works of the high quality. The Differences between the Essay, Term and Research Papers on Physics The physics essay is short in length one-three pages work, which purpose is to demonstrate the personal opinion towards the studying information. The essay is considered to be the easiest type of work as it does not require a comprehensive understanding of the particular problem. It consists of the personal opinion and the summary of the scientific facts, the combination of which aims to clarify the subject. The research paper on physics demands a writer to investigate the problem that is not well explored. It is usually an extensive work of more than five pages. This kind of paper requires the holistic understanding of the issue, the background of its appearance, the ways of its development, impact, and aftermaths it produces on the humankind, and the appropriate steps for its solution. The physics term paper targets to cover the issue studied during the course. In some cases, the term paper can be compared to the research considering their primary aims of investigations. The fundamental distinction of the term paper is based on the writer’s representation of the material. In this kind of work, it is possible to analyze the scholar sources combining with the personal feeling and ideas towards the theme of exploration. While based on the previous scholar explorations, the research paper targets to elaborate the solution of the physics issue, the term paper combines the analysis and evaluation of the scientific resources and the personal comprehension of the subject. A term paper can be a work of any length, from two pages up to eight and more. To elaborate a decent term paper on Physics, the writer should follow certain steps: Determine the topic of his/her investigation; Select the resources basis; Create an outline; Adhere to the structure of the term paper; Proofread the work. The Common Topics for a Physics Term Paper The Quantum Mechanics –The work which includes the analysis of Einstein’s theory of relativity and its correlation with the other fundamental theories of physics. The clarification of their interaction with classical mechanics leads to the explanations of the quantum mechanics appearance, its topicality, differences, and significance in contemporary physics. Newtonian Space-Time – The paper with the primary aim to explain the interaction between the Newtonian theory and the classical mathematical timing is highly appreciated. Due to the consideration that the scientist’s space-timing influences the physical laws of the external world, the paper declares that the space energy adheres to its unique nature that cannot be compared to the external one. The Astronomical Theories during the Time of Copernicus. The paper investigates the reasons for the alteration of the astronomical systems and the transition from the calendar methods of navigation. Basing on the inaccuracy and the desuetude of the traditional approaches, the explorations of Copernicus and other scholars promote the heliocentric system of Earth. Fluid Flows. The term paper which aims to analyze the Pascal’s Law and its correlation and evaluation of the pressurized water. The second point is based on the construction of the appropriate flow systems, considering the scholar’s law. The Inappropriate Topics for the Term Paper on Physics: The Effects of Friction; Beautiful Atmosphere; Electronic Circuit Theory; Kinetic Energy in Culture. These themes can undermine the student’s grade as they demand the more thorough and meticulous attitude towards the investigation. The Scholar Sources for the Term Papers on Physics â€Å"Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction† by Walter Greiner, 2011. The explanation of the impact the light produces on the Laws of Nature is the primary point of the book. â€Å"Understanding Space-Time: The Philosophical Development of Physics from Newton to Einstein† by Robert DiSalle, 2006. The target of the book is the indication of the historical prerequisites to the appearance of the space-time theory, its development, and the interaction with the other theories of physics. â€Å"Copernicus Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began† by Jack Repcheck, 2007. The book represents the history of Copernicus manuscript and the scientist’s elaboration on the heliocentric cosmological model. â€Å"Stability Criteria for Fluid Flows† by Adelina Georgescu, Lidia Palese, 2010. The authors aim to represent the conditions of the fluid flow stability due to the implementation of the specific methodology of investigation. The Additional Sources of Information on: The Quantum Mechanics: Robert Coolman, â€Å"What Is Quantum Mechanics?† PBS, â€Å"Quantum Mechanics† Chad Orzel, â€Å"Six Things Everyone Should Know About Quantum Physics† Newtonian Space-time: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, â€Å"Absolute and Relational Theories of Space and Motion† https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-theories/ Kyoto University, â€Å"Neo-Newtonian Spacetime† http://www1.kcn.ne.jp/~h-uchii/neonewt.html Incandescence, â€Å"Deriving Newtonian Spacetime Geometry† gregegan.net/INCANDESCENCE/Schwarzschild/W.html The Astronomical Theories during the Time of Copernicus: Nicholas P. Leveillee, â€Å"Copernicus, Galileo, and the Church: Science in a Religious World† Rebecca Jansen, â€Å"Copernicus: Not Just an Astronomer† Fluid Flows: Jim Lucas, â€Å"What Is Fluid Dynamics?† An Outline of a Term Paper in Physics: Key Ideas from Our Writers The complexity of the selected topic on Physics can puzzle and confuse the writer. Face the same stumble stone to start writing a term paper? Hence, to avoid the misinterpretation, it is important to elaborate on the outline, which aims to facilitate the process of investigation, due to its schematic structure: The denotation of the audience and purpose of the work; The thesis statement around which a term paper goes; The organization: an abstract, introduction, main body, conclusion, list of references. The Structure of the Term Paper on Physics Abstract The purpose of the abstract is to represent the major topics of the exploration. It must be concise and indicate only the main information related to the theme of the investigation. It consists of the introductory sentence which leads to the key points of the investigation and the closing. For instance, the abstract for the Gravity Waves theme: ‘Doubtless, that the gravity waves have a significant impact on both the human organisms and the nature in a whole’ (introductory sentence). The paper provides a brief analysis of the reasons for the gravity waves appearance and the new methodology of their detection. The paper deals with three experimental groups: LISA, VIRGO, LIGO (key points). The implementation of this methodology will alter the persona perception and comprehension of the gravity waves less than in generation (closing). Introduction The primary aim of an introduction is to provide the reader with the background of the explored topic and to indicate the paper’s objectives. The introduction section consists of the leading sentence and the thesis statement, which includes one-two sentences and reveals the purpose of the paper. The example of the lead-in: ‘The contemporary explorers Dr. Vladimir B. Braginsky and Dr. Joseph Weber’s have stated that the gravity waves have a close connection with the theory of relativity. Thus the mentioned theory does not represent the holistic representation of the mentioned phenomena, but it indicates the sources and reasons for their appearance in nature.’ The correct thesis statement: ‘By considering the mentioned investigations, the paper reveals the further alteration of the gravity waves significance within the humankind. The implementation of the LISA, VIRGO, and LIGO groups assists in the indication of the contemporary positive and negative aspects of the gravity waves.’ The academic writing style is the next point worth consideration. The introduced examples reflect a high level of the writer’ language acquisition. For instance, such words as implementation, to analyze, to clarify, indication, contemporary are applicable for the academic writing. The wrong thesis statement: ‘As you can see, the paper tells about the gravity waves and their impact on the humankind. Also, due to the involvement of three organizational groups, I aim to prove that the gravity waves term will lose its significance in the next decade.’ This thesis is incorrect as it represents the noncompliance with the basic rules of the academic writing. Considering the studying level and the paper’s significance, the writer must avoid using the personal pronouns like I, you, we. The compulsory element of both, term or research paper is the indication of the scholar investigations in the thesis statement. In this sample, the author provided the readers with the general idea of the paper without regarding the academic basis of the work. The Main Body The main body aims at providing the reader with the explanation of the conducted investigation. The writer is required to involve an abundant amount of explorations and to cite them. Moreover, due to the obtained knowledge from the course, the writer has to represent the personal evaluation of the explored issue. He/she can either support or deny the statements of the sources. The number of paragraphs in the main body can vary distinctly considering the number of pages required. The writer has to follow a specific structure to elaborate the compelling analysis of the issue. Each paragraph includes the leading sentence, which indicates the starting point of the theme clarification. Then it develops into the explanation of the chief information including scientific information and personal reflections towards the theme. The last point is the transition sentence, which aims to conclude the represented information and to direct the reader’s attention to the next paragraph. The example of the body paragraph. The gravitation wave is an altered mass of energy which appears from the core of the galaxy, and due to its chemical structure produces the significant impact on the surface of the Earth (the introductory sentence). Supporting Einstein’s theory of relativity, the gravity waves can reach the speed of light and cause the alterations in the magnetic field of Earth. Therefore, the correlation between the gravity waves and the space-time proves that the atmosphere faces the temporal modifications like the magnetic storms which can deteriorate the physical state of the people (chief information). The space-time can alter its trajectory under the influence of the gravity waves. The last phenomenon deals with the alteration in the matter movement caused by the space-time. This synergetic correlation demands the specific tools for the issue analysis (transition sentence). Conclusion The conclusion reflects the results of the term paper. The writer has to provide a brief list of achievements (not summary), without the detailed explanation of the whole paper. Considering the length of the paper, the amount of the sentences can vary in the conclusion. Due to the adherence to the basic rules of the academic writing, the minimal paragraph has to include at least three sentences and cover four full lines. The example of the conclusion. ‘While talking about the interaction between the time-space and the gravity waves, the paper reflects the phenomenon like alteration in the matter and the time movement. Einstein’s theory of relativity denotes that the gravity waves can move with the speed of the light and affect the surface of Earth which affects the human’s organism negatively. The implementation of the LIGO, LISA, and VIRGO experimental groups prove the possible alteration in the comprehension of the gravity waves within the next decade.’ The List of References The writer has to create the references list considering the formatting style required in the instructions. The most common are the MLA and APA formats. The APA reference example: Ciufolini, I., Gorini, V., Moschella, U. (n.d.). Gravitational Waves. Retrieved from the online source. MLA reference example: Ciufolini, Ignazio, Gorini, Vitorrio, and Moschella, Ugo. Gravitational Waves. Taylor Francis Group, 2001. Additional Physics Term Paper Tips on Proofreading After finishing the term paper in Physics, you as its author are obliged to check the accuracy of the information presented. This process includes the correct grammar: tense, verb and noun forms; the stylistics: the appropriateness of the compound words; punctuation: the correct use of commas, semicolons. In addition, it is essential to check the paper for plagiarism. In this way, you will avoid any misunderstanding or inaccuracy connected with the task. That’s the moment when you’re ready to write a term paper in Physics. Despite this work can seem to be too challenging, you’ll be able to pick the fruit of work a high mark for academic writing. Sounds wonderful? Try out the way of good term paper writing given in this physics term paper writing guide!

I vs. Me

I vs. Me I vs. Me I vs. Me By Maeve Maddox Some personal pronouns have two forms, one that is used as the subject of a verb and one that is used as the object of a verb or preposition. Subject forms: I, he, she, we, they My sister and I live in Texas. We raise chickens. (subject forms) Jack and she moved to Paris. They love it there. (subject forms) Object forms: me, him, her, us, them Mary gave me your address. (indirect object of a verb) The neighbors invited my wife and me to dinner. (object of a verb) We met him at the movies. We met her there too. We like them. (objects of a verbs) Jack writes to him every day. We went with them. (objects of prepositions) Presumably, these distinctions are taught to children in school. Supposedly, teachers and other school personnel model this usage to the students. Yet this is what we hear all around us: â€Å"Me and my friends went to Miami.† â€Å"The Governor invited my wife and I to dinner.† Those of us who know and care that I is a subject word and me is an object word react to such usage with feelings–if not cries–of outrage, but they continue. Actors portraying psychologists, FBI agents, and medical examiners declare, â€Å"Me and my colleagues interviewed the suspect.† â€Å"Him and his girlfriend were seen on the balcony.† â€Å"Make a reservation for Megan and I.† Don’t the actors know better even if the scriptwriters are semi-literate? The answer may well be that both actors and scriptwriters â€Å"know better,† but don’t care. They may desire to speak in a nonstandard way to show their freedom from what they regard as stuffy rule-following convention. On the other hand, they may not â€Å"know better.† They may genuinely believe that it’s correct to use Me as a subject and I as an object in a compound, even though they would never use them that way when the subject or object is not a compound. With grammatical constructions–as with Big Lies–if we hear them often enough, they will eventually â€Å"sound right.† Language changes inexorably from generation to generation. Pronouns alter more slowly than any other part of speech, but they do change. English once had three pronoun numbers: singular, dual, and plural. We lost the dual form early on. The singular second person pronoun thou and its forms thee, thy and thine dropped out of popular speech in the 16th century. (The Quakers retained some of the usage.) The second person plural went through some changes before settling on you for both singular and plural. Before you won as the all-purpose second person pronoun, ye was the subject form and you was the object form. The distinction was still being observed in the KJV translation of the Bible, but in popular speech, ye and you were becoming muddled: No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with you. 1611 translation of Job 12:2 A southwest wind blow on ye And blister you all over! Shakespeare’s The Tempest, c.1611. As painful as the thought is to those of us who care, the mix-up of me and I in compound subjects and objects may become the norm. What do you think? Is there any way to reverse the trend? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Cannot or Can Not?Sentence Adverbs

Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Readings - Essay Example Future philosophers Jeffery Reiman concludes that the existing systems of justice could be the best system in the world if its ideology is used wealthily and therefore cooperation is needed from the people to put this unjust social order in order. Yes by the Paul G Cassel, a District could Judge in United States argues that on the basics of this Miranda Rule, the warren court criminal procedure juris Prudence rays extraordinary and unparalleled chains over the police department which is our important social department The police strongly objected the rule as it is obstructing the investigative proceedings. Even cartoonists ridiculously sketched the law and its practices. A 120-page report was also made suggesting to over rule and abandon Miranda Rule. Also the law holds god to only those who are innocent of any crime. But what is the need to respect a criminal. These anti social elements observe the least. These can be some intermediate rule by which the doubtful respect is to kept under Miranda rule Stephen J. Shhulhofer agrees to the rule and had a opinion. He assets that US require Miranda protection to accused victims. According to him the rule has to be regarded as a compulsory constitutional requirement, which doesn’t cause any potential damage to criminal which effective enforcing the law. Yes Akhil Reed Amar Yale law professor argues that the execution of law is resetting in wrongful acquits and erroneous convictions. As the reliable evidence is excluded from the traits, it is becoming easy and helping guilty ones. While the rule is leaving a throbbing experiences on this innocent defendants. Answer is No from Michigan law professor, Yale Kamisar who is feeling contended with this constitution are together in an agreement so that there is no place to illegally obtained evidence. The court doesn’t require passing any orders for lawless activities in the act of enforcement of

Essay response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response - Essay Example Mahay analyses the that technology has played in advancing the message of holiday cards to include social class and status as well as construct an ideal of what happiness is all about. The author employs professional analysis to understand the actual message being carried by the digitally constructed photos. She understands very well that such cards were in the past used to wish paper an enjoyable or eventful holidays. However, this is no longer the case in the technologically advanced world where people have been given much power to professionally produce their photos. Her analysis leads her to a number of findings among which include how the holiday cards signify status. For example, she notes that a person’s status is seen through the cultural and economic capital represented in an elite holiday photo card (Mahay). Many photos on holiday cards show pictures of a family in different places enjoying life with their family members. These cards have certainly become a powerful tool used to express oneself. They are no longer sent to only those people who are far away from the sender, but also to the persons they meet on a daily basis. For many, the holiday c ard is the only communication they have with much of their extended social network (Jenna, 86). It is this simplicity of bringing out the message that captures the readers’ attention. Even though she applied two methodologies, the qualitative analysis which is reflected in the costly materials, sophisticated designs and modern digital technology, and the quantitative analysis on the displays of these retail websites to gather her information, she only rested on two photo card retail websites. These websites are the Shutterfly and Tiny Prints (Jenna 85). The use of other Medias like the holiday photo card retail shops, magazines and interviews could have given her more support on how the holiday photo card have greatly

UK Childrens Health And Well-being

UK Childrens Health And Well-being Drawing on research and theory critically discuss the effects on young childrens health and wellbeing of being poor in a rich country such as the UK. How can such health inequalities be addressed? The health and wellbeing of children within the UK has become a controversial topic amongst policy makers, due to the major health inequalities surrounding children in the UK. A report submitted by the Department of Health (1980) concludes that on the whole, health within the UK has improved since the introduction of the welfare state; however there is still widespread health inequality which has resulted in a vast number of children living in poverty. Poverty is defined as a circumstance characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter and access to education and information. (United Nations, 1995) Poverty has further been defined in literature in terms of relative and absolute poverty. Relative poverty is where individuals are living in a rich country such as the UK, where there are higher minimum standards which no individual should fall below. These standards should continue to rise as the country expands economically. On a higher scale, the concept of absolute poverty includes anyone deemed to be living below the minimum standards of the above essentials. It is important that individuals do not fall below this standard as it can have devastating consequences. Although poverty has numerous definitions, it must be remembered that child poverty is the poor circumstances experienced throughout the duration of childhood by children and young people . It differs from adult poverty due to the diverse causes and effects. The impact it has on children during childhood can be everlasting. (CHIP, 2004;UNDP, 2004). Social exclusion is where families have limited access to good health, adequate diet, the ability to participate in the community (Smith 1990). In this sense, poverty and social exclusion are directly related, since families living in poverty often do not have access to the above necessities. The health statuses of various groups of people are dependent upon numerous factors, one which is social status. A persons social status is almost directly related to the persons health and social group that they belong to, thus has a potential effect on the health and life chances that one may encounter. Categorically, socio-economic groups in the community vary from the high class to the working class, with geographical location being a primary factor. For example in Britain, those that live in affluent areas are more likely to live a healthier and more productive life than those who live in a deprived location on a low income. The social status element has broadened the gap between communitie s, allowing poverty to continue to dominate the lives of children. Children are vulnerable to deprivation; even when it is only for a short period in their lives. It can still have long term implications on their growth. I aim to critically discuss these effects and look at ways in which health inequalities can be addressed. Childhood is a very vulnerable stage for children, as they are dependent on their parents or guardians to fulfil their needs. Children require basic resources and services to develop mentally, physically and emotionally. To develop into a healthy adult, necessary requirements include educational facilities, vaccinations, healthcare, security, nutrition, clean water, and a supportive environment. Due to their sensitivity during this critical stage of life, children are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse (CHIP, 2004: pg. 2). Furthermore, children living in poverty face numerous deprivations of their rights: survival, health and nutrition, education, participation, and protection from harm, exploitation and discrimination. Over 1 billion children are severely deprived of at least one of the essential goods and services they require to survive, grow and develop (UNICEF,2005b: pg. 15) Children growing up in poverty are more likely to experience emotional and behavioural problems both of which have a negative effect on their wellbeing. Additionally most problems encountered throughout childhood continue into the adolescents and adulthood years. Antisocial behaviour can be due to cultural and social factors which can have an immense influence on the individual. Living in inadequate and overcrowded housing conditions on estates which are associated with crime increases these risks. Bronfenbrenners ecological theory suggests that human behavioural development is shaped by ones environment. The theory acknowledges that a child affects as well is affected by the settings in which they spend time in. The time spent by children in negative surroundings will have a detrimental effect on their personal behaviour. He states that as the child develops, the interaction and relationships formed with others around them become more complex, and that this would continue to arise whilst the childs physical and cognitive formation was to grow and mature. A study conducted by Clark in 1996 found that children suffer socially from frequently being re-housed in to more affordable housing. These children felt that they lacked stable friendships and had difficulty forming friendships due to the frequent school changes, schools hence became a place of social deprivation rather than a place where friends could be gained. Moreover, Oppenheim (1996) and Dunn (2000) both argue that chil dren feel excluded because they cannot afford to socialise with their peers leaving them segregated from those around them. Furthermore Smith (1995) indicates that failure to fit in with their peers results in profound effects on childrens behaviour. Blackburn (1991) goes on to argue that poverty affects psychological and behavioural processes which diminish life choices. This can lead to increased feelings of powerlessness and low self esteem as a result. In some cases this can cause the individual to form coping strategies which include alcohol or illegal drugs. Gilman et al (2003) highlights that childhood adversity extensively increases the risk of depression, as well as long term negative effects on childrens health and wellbeing. The health and well-being of children is interrelated to the quality of housing, the appropriateness of the location and affordability. Housing is a key component of both the physical and social environments in which children are exposed to, and plays a direct and indirect role in the achievement of positive development. A study undertaken by the Board of Science 2003 found that stable, safe and secure housing is a fundamental aspect in the healthy development of a child (Board of Science and Education, 2003). Faulty structure and inadequate facilities, for example heating, can cause accidental injuries (English House Condition Survey (EHCS), 1996). Factors affecting the health of children include the cost, quality, occupancy and the stability of the housing, along with the neighbourhood environment in which the child resides. Moreover, affordable accommodation for poverty-stricken families is frequently restricted to housing with substandard physical properties (Dunn, 2000), and is often in surroundings with socio-environmental problems which provide further disadvantages to physical and psychological well-being. Potvin et al (2002) argues that the housing tends to be in specific locations, resulting in segregation of low-income communities, when combined with poor access to employment opportunity, this can lead to socially deprived neighbourhoods. Klitzman et al (2005) confirms that these neighbourhoods are inclined to be unsafe, with limited access to essential facilities and services. This inevitably leaves fewer opportunities for social integration, and also poses health risks to the community, particularly for the vulnerable groups, residing within these environments. Curtis 2004 argues that inadequate housing may further influence individuals health and mental well-being through increasing their level of stress. This can put a tremendous strain on a child, as the child distinguishes the atmosphere within the home as being depressing. He goes on to acknowledge that crowded living conditions can result in easier transmission of infectious diseases i.e. tuberculosis and increases the likelihood of acquiring respiratory illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis particularly if family members are smokers. Excessive noise levels also result in sleep deprivation, which can affect the growth and psychological wellbeing of a child, as they may experience tiredness and low energy levels whilst at school, which would lead to poor concentration. Similarly this can also have adverse affects on adults and children alike and lead to negative psychological effects, including aggression, depression, irritability, and frustration with others in the family. This is r eported to contribute to family issues and potential violence. (Curtis, 2004).. The English House Condition Survey confirmed that 1,522,000 UK residences did not meet the mandatory standards set (EHCS, 1996). For many deprived communities, the only housing available is unsatisfactory. The World Health Organisation (WHO) advocates that, during the cold weather, the average room temperature should remain at a constant 18-20C (WHO, 2005). However, in the EHCS survey it was estimated that 40% of the UK population resides in temperatures below these guidelines. 19% of housing in the UK is cold, and damp compared to the 9% recorded in Germany (EHCS, 1996). Despite specific measures adopted by local governments, housing policies continued to remain inadequate in many regions. For example, insulation of properties is a major government initiative at present. This is recognised as a cost effective intervention that could increase room temperatures whilst decreasing fuel costs for poverty-stricken families. However, The Warm Front scheme, which provides funding for insula tion, is not available to pregnant women and young children, unless they are in receipt of specific social security benefits. Despite repeated evidence of the effects of poor housing, and associated lack of heating, public health interventions remain insufficient. Economical accommodation for poorer families can be excessively expensive, and the payment of rent or mortgage costs can result in minimal disposable income for fuel, food and other basic necessities (EHCS, 1996). Obesity is a known health issue associated with poverty; a consequence of low incomes and inexpensive inferior foods, which result in high fat and high salt diets. Consequently, it has been determined that people with serious health issues are more likely to occupy the least health-promoting segment of the housing market, which in turn, aggravates health problems. Children born into poor circumstances also tend to have fewer educational opportunities than children are born into families where parents have been educated, or there is more disposable income available in the household. Hetherington et al (1991) argues that poor parents find it increasingly difficult to provide intellectual, stimulating tools or resources, such as toys, books, and technologically advanced equipment to their children. The complexity of their circumstances also prevents them from increasing the childs opportunity of receiving a pre-school education, giving them the opportunity of a positive foundation which is essential during the critical period of learning and development. Failure to attend pre-school can result in low academic attainment at a later stage. (www.surestart.gov.uk) Furthermore, since many social peer relationships form during the early years, children who do not have these experiences tend to lack confidence and self-esteem (Hetherington et al (1991), When placed within the classroom environment at an older age, these children are more likely to choose to remain segregated rather than participate within class discussion as they feel stigmatised due to the life they lead and have poor confidence when interacting with their peers. They feel that children that live in affluent areas have greater confidence and should be the speakers. In the mid 1990s, there was an extremely high rate of relative child poverty in Europe, and the UK at present still has a high rate of poverty and the worst birth weight in deprived areas in comparison to any other Western European country (Sandwell-Smith, 2003). Therefore in 1999, Prime Minister Tony Blair made a pledge to eradicate child poverty by 2020, halving it by 2010, and making a difference by 25% in 2005. In order to do this, several changes were put into place such as the implementation of a taxation system, changes in benefit eligibility and the way it is paid, the introduction of the tax credits and the investment in childrens services. Around the same time, the Millennium Cohort Study (2000) established that babies being tracked were already showing larger differences in their health status at the age of three, according to their family conditions. Among children in families with income below  £10,000 a year, 4.2% suffered chronic illnesses at this age, compared to ju st 1.7% among wealthy families on over  £52,000. This significant difference highlights the importance of living above the poverty line. Such evidence has paved the way for numerous Government initiatives that attempt to close the gap on health inequalities in the UK. According to the UKs statement to the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children in 2002, the UK is restructuring the machinery of government to put the welfare of children and young people at the heart of policies and services, to ensure that childrens and young peoples voices shape the priorities and practices of the government, and to bring together the government, the voluntary sector, businesses, local communities and families with a vision for young people. (United Nations 2002) Ten years on research shows that the government still holds a strong will to tackle child poverty and has always had it on the agenda, and is continuing to be a key aspect in the battle against child poverty. In a response to the recent release of poverty figures, the government insisted that the  £1 billion already committed in this years budget with help to lift a further 250,000 children out of poverty, however they believe an additional  £3 billion will be needed to invest in tax credits and benefits in order to meet the 2010 target set by former prime minister Tony Blair. (End Child Poverty HBAI Report 2008).However in a policy briefing on education and child poverty released in March 2008, The Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) condemned the government for not addressing this issue properly and claimed that the educational gap between disadvantaged children and their peers would continue to increase and that part costs incurred should be claimed through local charging police s ( End Child Poverty 2008). Although some of the governments policies and strategies have not achieved their full potential there is still room for improvement with the ideas already formed. This can only take place if there is a major transformation in the way policy makers address the issue and implement strategies. For example the existing tax credits system consists of a working element for parents who are on a low income and a child based element on the number of children under the age of eighteen in full time education. This currently needs to be reviewed and updated; the combined value of child tax credit and child benefit needs to be increased in line with inflation and earnings. The reformation on the administration of tax credits and benefits is also essential as in previous years there has been discrepancies on the amounts paid and the overpayment of these allowances.(www.hmrc.gov.uk) In conjunction with the above, the benefit entitlement system needs to be reassessed for all UK residents irrespective of immigration status as at present those that are not UK nationals are not entitled to specific benefits. Another significant aspect is that the government has made various attempts to work towards creating more jobs, and getting people off benefits into work however; it needs to be that the jobs created are enhanced and beneficial, financially for those that are qualified and have the relevant experience.(www.jobcentre.plus.gov.uk) Conclusion: There is conclusive evidence that living standards and housing conditions are interrelated and poor socio-economic situations during childhood negatively influence the health status once a child reaches adulthood. The exposure of the young to these situations contributes to long-term ill health. This is worsened due to diminished immune systems and the greater exposure to negative environments which they have little or no control over. (Klitzman, et. al., 2005). Insufficient facilities and the overcrowding of properties are very much a major concern with infectious disease, while damp and mould can cause various respiratory problems (Bornehag, et. al., 2005). Nevertheless, the debate around housing and health and wellbeing is inclined to be concerned with the discourse of poverty. (Dunn, 2000). However, looking at research there seems to be much less consideration of the indirect effects of poor housing upon health, such as social exclusion (Curtis, 2004) and depression, and psycho-s ocial effects are repeatedly overlooked. Moreover in recent years, socio-economic determinants of health have returned to policy debates, and housing conditions are, once again, recognized as a critical influence upon public health (Board of Science and Education, 2003). Recent studies have shifted focus in the direction of a broader-ranging perspective with regard to poverty, and health and quality of life, which presents the possibilities of enhanced understandings of the determinants of health status. The General Assembly of the United Nations 1948 states that everyone has the right to a standard of living sufficient for the health and wellbeing of himself and his family. This Includes food, clothing, housing and medical care. As with many health determinants, the quality of housing is directly related to income. Trying to reduce these adverse effects of poor accommodation remains a major challenge. Health inequalities are not reducing in the UK, and the worst health is experienced by those who are most socially and economically deprived (Stanwell-Smith, 2003). As in the nineteenth century, there is a profound need for a rigorous public health reform. Essential to this must be enhanced living standards and prevention of ill health, so as not to become trapped in the inevitable cycle of poverty many children still find themselves in today. Although the government has evidently reaffirmed its commitment to meeting its child poverty targets, and has developed both the organisational competence and the political drive to do so, there still seems to be a vast majority of children living in poverty and it is highly unlikely that the 2010 target is to be met, based on current spending levels. However it is not too late to improve the strategies enforced to provide a healthier future for the children who will be the new generation of the workforce for years to come. Word Count:2992

Research Paper Women’s Rights

Alexandra Moore English 11 Mrs. Carwile November 14, 2012 Research Paper Final Draft May 21, 1969 was the day that an African American woman, Shirley Chisholm changed the lives of women in the United States. Why have women been given unequal opportunities? Why are they seen as different mentally? Chisholm addresses many questions like these in her speech to speak out for the women, to question the authorities which they have been afraid to stand up against. One event can lead to many outbreaks in society that lead to a good or an unlucky future.For women, the time had come to create a high-quality future for themselves and the generations to come. Until the late 1960’s women struggled with discrimination and prejudice with political, civil, and economic rights and Shirley Chisholm took the act to stand up for the unspoken women with her â€Å"Equal Rights for Women† speech in the House of Representatives. Shirley Chisholm was a trademark in the late 1960's and is still known to this day for her bravery and compassion towards gaining rights for women.In the United States Congress, Chisholm was the first black woman elected. The text states, â€Å"As much a feminist as an advocate of civil rights, Chisholm claims that being a woman was more of a disadvantage in her political career than being black† (Martin and Sullivan 1). She was a very successful woman involved in many political groups including the Seventeenth Assembly District Democratic Club, New York State Assembly, Congressional Committee, and also ran for the democratic nomination for presidency.One can see this when stated, â€Å"Chisholm served fourteen years in the U. S. House of Representatives and was one of the most well-known women in America in her time† (Gifts of Speech 1). Although she was productive in the assembly, she became known to be politically rebellious and fearless by which she was outspoken with her own views and beliefs. This is seen in the text as, †Å"Shirley Chisholm challenged that the conscience of the whole nation needed to be aroused to oppose racism against blacks and sexism against women† (â€Å"Chisholm Becomes First† 3). She was an activist etermined to support women with their unlived rights by gaining political power. Political rights were one of the largest discriminates against women. Shirley Chisholm states in her speech, â€Å"†¦The truth is that in the political world I have been far oftener discriminated against because I am a woman than because I am black† (Chisholm 1). This is surprising knowing that this time period was heavily influenced by discrimination towards African Americans. Whether it is voting or representation in congress, women had fewer opportunities to have influence in politics.It could be either the voting systems such as proportional representation and majoritarian systems or the elimination of quotas. As shown in the text, â€Å"Although women formally have equal p olitical rights in most countries, their representation in parliaments and governments is far below their proportion in the population† (Prugl 2). In the total seats in parliaments, women hold less than twenty percent. Taking into account that in the United States population there are 3. 5 million more women, this situation is shameful.Also one can find in her speech, â€Å"‘Women are already protected under the law and do not need legislation†¦If women are already equal, why is it such an event whenever one happens to be elected to Congress? † (Chisholm 2). Parliament saw the opportunity to say that women and men are equal but have no information to back this up. They say women and men are equal but make a big deal if one becomes elected into congress. Chisholm defends the need for political rights for women and how there should be no higher principles with men.Women also struggled with economic rights and the most popular dealt with jobs and pay versus men. The topic that prejudice has become acceptable is present throughout Shirley Chisholm's beliefs on economic rights. She is respectful yet aggressive while addressing the following: â€Å"‘There is very little understanding yet of the immorality involved in double pay scales and the classification of most of the better jobs as ‘for men only. ‘ More than half of the population of the United States is female. But women occupy only two percent of the managerial positions† (Chisholm 1).It has become obvious the women were not given the same amount of pay and less job opportunities, specifically higher positions. It ties back to the political rights and how it is acceptable for women to be teachers and secretaries, but not managers, lawyers, or members of congress. These rights pertain to the labor market and although women have always worked in poor rural areas, the idea that women are limited to the positions leads to restrictions of their right to work. The ri ghts affected women highly economically with no quality or high paying jobs.The final rights women struggled with were civil rights which dealt with citizenship, personal, and social standards. Chisholm included in her speech, â€Å"‘Women need no protection that men do not need. What we need are laws to protect working people, to guarantee them fair pay, safe working conditions, protection against sickness and layoffs, and provision for dignified, comfortable retirement† (Chisholm 1). There should not be as much protection for women and specifically, there should not be more than men.There needs to be a larger focus on protecting the workers who need to be provided with more comfort in what they do. Women's civil rights including marriage and family law, are more contested than that of their political rights. More textual information shows, â€Å"Civil rights include the rights to hold property, to be treated equally in the courts, and to freely choose a residence or domicile. They also include equal rights to enter marriage and freely choose a spouse†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Prugl 2). All of these rights are necessary and should be given without question.There is no reason for men to have these responsibilities and not women. With these women can take more control of their own life which many did not have leading up to the 1960's. The nineteenth century was a time of change and introduced improvements for women in the women's rights movement with the demand for the same legal rights as men. By the late 1960's most equality between men and women was gained. One can see in the text, â€Å"The Equal Rights Amendment was the central goal of the women's rights movement in the 1970's† (Phelps and Lehman 4).A suggestion that has been in front of congress since the early 1900's was the equal rights amendment which became part of the basic laws in the rights movement. Shirley Chisholm was made an impact in history with her desire to create a better life fo r women just like herself. It was a time period for change and for women to be able to speak up for themselves. Chisholm's â€Å"Equal Rights for Women† speech was historical and changed the lives for women in the United States, allowing them to gain political, economic, and civil rights. 1,208 words