What Is Foreign Exchange Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1590 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Foreign exchange risk is usually explained as the added changeability received by a multinational company in its universal amalgamated incomes that fallout from unanticipated bill variations. It is usually realized that this significant income inconsistency could be eradicated-partly or completely- at a price, the price of Foreign Exchange Risk Analysis. (Allayannis, 2001) IMPORTANCE Foreign Exchange risk analysis has developed into progressively significant as the abolition of the rigid exchange rate system took place. This structure was substituted by a suspended rate system in which the price of currencies is decided by supply and demand of money. Known the recurrent alterations in supply and demand prejudiced by many outside components, this fresh structure is accountable for bill variations. These variations disclose parties to a foreign exchange hazard. Furthermore, economies are receiving more and more clear with global dealing is continuously rising, and parties befall as a result of extra openness to foreign exchange variations. (Breeden, 1996) Foreign risk analysis is essential for companies repeatedly trading in the global market. Empirical research demonstrates that the proceeds of international trade parties are struck by explosive floating foreign exchange rates. However, tiny firms trading solely on their domesticated markets too get progressi vely disclosed to foreign bill fluctuations. Basically, small firms consider on the volatility of the chief currencies as most of them subcontract their output to alien nations. This entails that they bear expenses in an alien bill and they also demand to deal this vulnerability. Other small firms are disclosed circuitously provided that the strategically attitude could be regarded by unstable foreign exchange rates. (Allayannis, 2001) There are 3 chief causes of risk: interest rate, inflation rate and foreign exchange rate. These altogether could be reorganized into one common risk- monetary risk. There is a firm kinship amongst the foreign exchange market and money market, exchange rate, interest rate and inflation rate alterations are normally extremely associated and mutually dependent to the degree that they frequently compensate one another. This difficulty is still multifaceted because many currencies are circuitously related. If a single bill depreciates there is an emine nt possibility that an additional one too depreciates. These 3 components influence the demand for a good. If one of these 3 components change the price of the bill will be influenced also as the companys measure. (Breeden, 1996) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Foreign Exchange Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Origins of foreign exchange risk Foreign exchange risk for a firm can originate from various resources, such as: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When the firm exports or imports. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When additional expenses, such as capital spending, are designated in foreign bill. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When income from exports is obtained in alien bill. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When further revenue, such as royalty, interest, dividend etc., Is obtained in foreign bill. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ When the firms credits are designated in alien bill. (Marshall, 1999) OBJECTIVES Variations in foreign exchange rates influence the price competition, lucrativeness, and rating of a firms global procedure. The lack of a foreign exchange risk analysis leads a firm unwary to manage the possible unfavorable consequences of bill motions. This could contribute to raised expenses and concentrated market contribution and benefits. To avert these vulnerabilities, the firm shall formulate and prepare a strategy declaration, telling the firms position, targets, and suitable reactions when dealing with foreign exchange risk. (Williams, 1998) Hence, the objectives of risk analysis can be described as follows: Recognizing the risks produced at work and measure the risks related to these risks, to decide what standards they shall accept to defend the fitness and well-being of their workers and other staff, having due consideration to governmental necessities; Measure the risks so to build the finest learned assortment of job apparatus, compound substance or arrangem ents applied, the equipping out of the office, and the association of job; Ensure whether the procedures are in order and are enough; Prioritize deed if additional procedures are originated to be essential as a consequence of the evaluation; Exhibit for themselves, the experienced establishments, personnel and their spokespeople that all looks relevant to the job have been measured, and that an altered reasonable decision has been built around the risks and the evaluations essential to defend fitness and security; Guarantee that the defensive procedures and the operational and manufacturing techniques, which are measured to be essential and enforced subsequent to a risk evaluation, give an upgrading in the intensity of employee fortification. (Breeden, 1996) Usually firms are uncovered to 3 kinds of foreign exchange risk: Deal (accounting) revelation: it happens when a firm deals, scrounges or loans in an alien bill, or trades tangible possessions to its supplement ary in an alien nation. All these processes engage time decompose among the promise of the deal and the receiving and release of the reimbursement. Throughout this time gap exchange rates may perhaps alter and the company is uncovered to a risk that can be optimistic or harmful. Contract (commitment) revelation: It assesses the alter in the current worth of the company resulting from any modification in the potential cash flows of the company originated by an unforeseen alter in the exchange rates. It admits deal coverage in itself. Economy revelation: It occurs from changing monetary reports articulated in foreign bills into the domestic bill. When a firm combines the outcomes of all its foreign auxiliaries it has to show a concluding account to shareholders and the statistics in this report should be articulated in one currency only. (Marshall, 1999) Main techniques used in risk analysis. Deal revelation Measurement: In array to calculate deal exposure, 3 methods could be applied. The companies could assess the unpredictability of every bill in which it has a few dealings. The primary step is to recognize the bills in which the dealing could be established. Then it could assess the instability of every bill established with chronological information. The dimension established on the connection between the two bills is also utilized. The idea is similar as for asset connection of a selection. This theory has to be adept with carefulness as for instability precedent associations are not a correct calculation of potential associations. Lastly a progressively more executed method applied for calculation is the VaR (Value-at-Risk) theory. Applying historical statistics or imitations, the firm could approximate the possible loss in next given days provided a sure assurance period. The major benefit of this method is that it totals every statistics into a sole figure . (Allayannis, 2001) Economic revelation Measurement It can be calculated by two methods: revenue sensibility to exchange rates and cash flow sensibility to exchange rates. To calculate the revenue sensibility, the company has to divide every source of its revenue report and examine the consequence of a rise or fall of the currency. The consequences on economical revelation are hard to guess for the reason that the several connections among the factors. Cash flow sensibility could also be applied. As companys worth shows the current worth of potential cash flow, exchange rate disclosure is the sensibility of a companys worth to exchange rate alterations. An additional way is to describe exchange rate disclosure in the requisites of a deterioration of the companys whole worth on the exchange rate. It can be calculated as the gradient constant amid the companys worth and the alterations in the exchange rate. (Breeden, 1996) Translation revelation Measurement It seems when a company has alien subordinates and demands to transform their revenues into domestic currency. To calculate translation disclosure the company requires to guess potential predictable revenues to every supplementary and then wants to pertain a sympathy examination in array to estimate the probable consequence of variations of exchange rates. Record of foreign bill exposure An easy technique is to retain a record of exposure and their linked foreign exchange circumvents. Principally the facts of every circumvent are documented alongside it applicable revelation. (Williams, 1998) Table of predictable overseas bill cash flows When the industry both gives and accepts overseas bill, it will be essential to calculate the total excess or shortage for every bill. This can be completed by proposing foreign bill cash flows. This not only designates whether the industry has an excess or is petite of a specific currency, but also the timing of bill flow. Sensitivity scrutiny An additional extension is to admit sensitivity scrutiny to compute the probable effect on the industry of an unfavorable progress in exchange rates. This might be completed by selecting random changes in exchange rates or by grounding exchange rate changes on history. For instance, the industry might desire to identify how greatly it will add or drop for an agreed alter in exchange rates. Where possessions are concerned, industries sometimes extend a medium screening the mutual consequence of bill and product price actions. (Williams, 1998) Value at risk Some industries, mainly monetary institution, apply a prospective method when attempting sympathy scrutiny. This is recognized as value at risk. As it is helpful to identify the possible effect of an agreed transform in exchange rates, the difficulty is how frequently it happens. Therefore, we could do a sensitivity scrutiny of historical price history and relate it to the present situation. The industry can use the real rate record to model the possible effect of exchange rate variations on its foreign bill vulnerabilities. (Marshall, 1999) REFRENCES Allayannis, G (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency, journal of International Finance, Volume 20, pp. 273-296. Breeden, D (1996). Why do Firms Hedge? An asymmetric information model Duke University, pp-95-105. Marshall, A.P, (1999) Foreign exchange risk management in UK, USA and Asia Pacific Journal of Multinational Financial management, pp185-511. Smith, C.W., (1985). The determinants of Firms Hedging The journal of Financial and Quantitative analysis, pp-391-405. Williams, A (1998). Risk management and insurance, pp-58-102 Irwin McGraw-Hill, 8th Edition.

Anti-Semitism Essay - 1007 Words

Jews have been persecuted since the beginning of documented time. This religious group has been poked, prodded, exiled, and in recent years, massacred for their religious beliefs. This racial prejudice is called anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism is the vicious weapon of propaganda used to break down the Jews psychologically before the armies of Germany even began to annihilate this religious group during World War Two (â€Å"anti-semitism† 47). The NAZI Party led in this mass murdering of the Jewish people. The head of the NAZI Party, Adolph Hitler, proclaimed that he was not a racist, yet killed over six million defenseless people because of their race. Hitler also declared, redundantly, in his speeches, that he did not desire World†¦show more content†¦Another reason for anti-Semitism’s great popularity was that, for a fact, people enjoy hate. They do not necessarily enjoy this emotion as they do â€Å"happiness,† but it brings about interest in an otherwise emotionless being. The emotion generated by Nazi propaganda and the show of the movement of the Holocaust that was presented to the Germans stood out against the drabness of everyday life in the Weimar Republic. This feeling was a splash of color on the subdued background of Germany (Zeman 13). As ridiculous a these approaches toward racial hatred may seem, the racism of the Holocaust was not limited to only the Jewish people. In fact, it is generally believed that a total of eleven million people were killed by the Nazi regime, only about six million of these were Jewish. Among these victims were political opponents, Gypsies, the mentally ill, homosexuals, Jews, and others who were considered the â€Å"undesirables† of Germany (â€Å"anti-Semitism† 1). Another way of â€Å"getting rid† of these â€Å"undesirables† was to keep these unwanted people from producing offspring, so the NAZI Party decided to outlaw any births outside of German families. Doctor Charny, a physician for the Nazi regime, drew the attention ofShow MoreRelatedThe Anti Semitism1533 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetics that led to the formulation of racist views against the Jews by the philosophers and politicians. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons why I believe that the anti-Semitism racism within the nineteen century was scientifically justified as well as the manner in which this discrimination was implemented on the Jewish race. Anti-Semites perspective on the Jews was a development of a broader side of racism, which proclaimed that some races were more superior to others such as the whites beingRead MoreEssay about Supporting Israel: Recent Rise of Anti-Semitism1198 Words   |  5 Pageslisteners then begin rooting for the â€Å"peace† religion of Islam. They begin to spread the hatred of anti-Semitic claims. Israel is left with a bad image and no defense. This paper examines the recent rise of anti-Semitism across the United States and argues the importance of supporting Israel and the validity of Christian Zionism. It is rather important for Christians to become well informed of anti-Semitic claims, whys supporting Israel is necessary, and what Christian Zionism is, because IsraelRead MoreThe Anti Semitism1505 Words   |  7 Pagesfor newspapers and magazines. This gave him his reputation, which would fore see him, however, members of the academy who refused to recognize him with his formal academic appointments shunned him. One of the major problems Simmel faced was the anti-Semitism he faced daily for being Jewish. Without this affecting him, with the help of Ferdinand Tonnies and Max Weber they cofounded and created the German Society for Sociology and advanced sociological thinking. In 1890 Simmel married his wife, GertrudeRead MoreThe Rise Of Anti Semitism1190 Words   |  5 PagesWith the rise of anti-Semitism and the pogrom s targeting European Jews in the late 1800s, there were many Jewish theorists and practitioners arose to find the ultimate solution for â€Å"the Jewish question†. In addition, the derived tension between the personal life of a Jew and the public life amongst secular society was the main challenge facing European Jewry. As a result of the long-term process through which Jews attempted to resolve the tension between their personal and public lives in a secularRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Holocaust876 Words   |  4 Pagesabout it as well who could possibly blame America who was thousands of miles away to know. During the years of the holocaust a feeling of Anti-Semitism was clearly present all over the world this including the United States, this was seen in the results from different polls conducted and from the social policies at the time. These feelings of Anti-Semitism were convenient because it gave people an excuse to not do anything to help the Jews. Between 1938-1939 about 85,000 Jewish refugees enteredRead MoreThe Anxiety Of Anti Semitism1346 Words   |  6 Pages What caused the arousal of anti-Semitism in the late nineteenth century was not due to a close examination of the Jewish customs or a vast plan to eliminate Jews from Germany. In fact the answer is so much simpler and it is an issue that the world still finds at the route of it’s problems today. A word as simple as jealousy is the source of a hatred so strong that it ended up killing millions. Anti-Semitism is a product of the strongest type of jealousy, a jealousy that was rooted deepRead More Anti-Semitism Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Semitism Discrimination and prejudice have been in our world for as long as humans have themselves. Discrimination has caused problems in societies all throughout history. But despite all of the terrible things that have happened because of prejudice and discrimination, it continues to live on in our world today. Anti-Semitism, prejudice against Jews, is a form of discrimination that has caused perhaps the most problems throughout history. Many people describe anti-Semitism as more thanRead More Anti-semitism Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages For more than two thousand years anti-Semitism has plagued the Jews, however, the term has only been around for about thirty years (Strack 594). Due to the hateful accusations and of those who did not understand their religion, Jews, as a scorned people, gradually became more exclusive and intolerant of other religions. Because of Judaism’s strict adherence to their own beliefs and unwillingness to consider any alternatives, Muslims and Christians have scorned and persecuted Jews. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FirstRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Holocaust1950 Words   |  8 PagesHolocaust Research Paper Anti-semitism is a concept that has been around in our society for a few centuries now, and has played a significant role in the world for many of those years. Although we see anti-semitism fade and diminish, its historical symbolism will hover over society for years to come. The Holocaust, taken place in Eastern Europe, is known to be one of the largest genocides this world has ever seen, and is the gruesome platform that people relate to anti-semitism. The Holocaust was inRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Holocaust1682 Words   |  7 Pagesinto a fiery pit of hell, where evil men roam those streets you found refuge. All you hear is an unending sound of screaming, crying, and gunshots as mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters are forever separated not knowing where they are going. Anti-Semitism is the hatred of Jews, and it reached its pinnacle during the Holocaust. It’s known world wide as the genocide of approximately six million European Jews. Strikingly, there is a decent number of people in the world who don t entirely believe that

Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes symbolism throughout his short story Young Goodman Brown to impact and clarify the theme of good people sometimes doing bad things. Hawthorne uses a variety of light and dark imagery, names, and people to illustrate irony and different translations. Young Goodman Brown is a story about a man who comes to terms with the reality that people are imperfect and flawed and then dies a bitter death from the enlightenment of his journey through the woods. Images of darkness, symbolic representations of names and people and the journey through the woods all attribute to Hawthornes theme of good people sometimes doing bad things. The use of dark†¦show more content†¦He dies a bitter lonely man because he couldn?t handle the truth that good people sometimes do bad things. ?They carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.? (206) Throughout the story Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the names of Young Goodman Brown and his wife Faith as symbolic representations. The word ?young? in Goodman Brown?s name gives you the image of an inexperienced, naà ¯ve boy who must take on an adventure instead of staying in the comfort of his surroundings. His wife, Faith, tries to stop him by saying, ?Pray thee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed to-night.? (196) Here you see Faith encouraging Goodman Brown?s quest for knowledge to be done in the light (sunrise) instead traveling through the unknown darkness to gain wisdom. Her fear is made clear through the use of light and dark imagery. The use of the words ?good? and ?man? in Goodman Brown names leaves you to wonder if men are really good. My interpretation is that Goodman Brown is not good at all because he falls into the devils temptation and excepts the baptism. It proves that even the best of men are subject to imperfection. The word faith throughout the story is a play on words. The first use of the word faith is the name of Goodman Brown?s wife. The second use of the word faith describes Goodman Brown?s belief, trust andShow MoreRelatedAllegory and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†1203 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an excellent example of the use of allegories and symbolism as a form of satire on Puritan faith. According to Frank Preston Stearns, author of The Life and Genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Hawthorne may have intended this story as an exposure of the inconsistency, and consequent hypocrisy, of Puritanism† (Stearns 181). Throughout the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne tries to infuse as many symbols and allegories as he can to enhance the overallRead MoreSymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay468 Words   |  2 PagesSymbolism in Natha niel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown is full of symbolism throughout the story. Perhaps the most interesting examples of symbolism include the title character, Young Goodman Brown, as well as his wife, Faith, and the woods that Young Goodman Brown enters on his journey. Included are many allusions to Christianity and also to evil and sin. These references are expressed mainly through characters and settings in the story. TheRead MoreSymbolism In Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Benjamin Goodman Brown995 Words   |  4 Pages12/11/2017 Nathaniel Hawthorne is taken into account to be one in every of the greatest Americas anti-transcendental writers. Redolent symbolism and psychological inquiring into the darker sides of human heart, particularly guilt and sin ar the specialities of his writings. . Young Benjamin David Goodman Brown being the author’s one of the most vital short stories during which his preoccupation with the results of guilt and sin ar combined with a continuing stress on symbolism and allegoryRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of four, his father passed away from yellow fever, forcing his family to move in with his uncle. The positively influential Uncle Robert Manning pushed Hawthorne to succeed in school and insisted he go to college. Following his education at Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent years in isolation mastering the art of writing. It was during those years when Hawthorne discovered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the SalemRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne851 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Introduction Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown is a tale of innocence lost. Set in New England during the Puritan era, the protagonist, Goodman Brown, goes for a walk in the woods one night and meets the devil who tells him. Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again, to the communion of your race. According to Levin this story is a condemnation of the hypocrisy of the puritan ethic. The Salem witch trialsRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Great Gatsby 1416 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Words - so innocent and powerless as they are, as standing in a dictionary, how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them.† A quote said by Nathaniel Hawthorne himself, which employs to anyone and everyone who has the knowledge of combining words to create literature. Hawthorne, born in 1804, in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, the Dark Romanticism author lived with some injuries, such as the death of his father. Yet, the wealth of his uncles helpedRead MoreFiction Essay - Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery1051 Words   |  5 PagesLottery† and Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the characters’ arrival at dark, sinister places. II. INTRODUCTION III. SHIRLEY JACKSON’S â€Å"THE LOTTERY† A. Setting the tone: Peaceful and relaxing B. Irony: Even though the mood is relaxing, there is a premonition of something bad to come C. Ending: The ending is implied IV. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S â€Å"YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN† D. SettingRead MoreThe Use of Color Symbolism by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesIs it possible for an author to utilize so much symbolism that it captivates the reader to the extent of paralleling the tale with their own life? The principle of symbolism is quite evident in the story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Nathaniel Hawthorn’s work is immersed with symbolism with most of it deriving from his Puritan beliefs. The themes of sin, guilt, innocence, and lust come forth through the uses of color symbolism as well as visual clues. All of these things areRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1065 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown, most of us will readily agree that duplicity is a major theme in the piece, or the idea of different versions of reality. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of whether Hawthorne is imply ing that man is inherently evil. Whereas some are convinced that Young Goodman Brown was good until tainted by the Devil, others maintain that he was evil from the beginning and was completely aware of the evil heRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne1273 Words   |  6 Pageschildren, even the most perfect of families cannot hide their deep, dark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secrets aid in forming symbols of faith and evil and developing the inner complexities of his

Professional Learning Communities - 2747 Words

Introduction Schools are constantly looking for ways in which to improve. Research has revealed several attributes of a school that proves to lead towards student learning and higher achievement including strong leadership, clear and shared mission, vision, values, and goals, collective inquiry, action oriented, collaborative teams that work interdependently, a focus on student learning and results oriented. These ideas are represented within a Professional Learning Community (PLC). To become a PLC, a staff must make changes in their actions and work together focusing on student learning. PLC’s have evolved out of failed school reform measures. It attempts to make permanent changes to a school’s culture to affect change in student†¦show more content†¦Safe environments are built and there’s a respect for diversity. Another highly important factor in effective schools is a highly effective leader. Leadership is a key characteristic in a PLC also. The principal acts as an instructional leader building relationships with the staff and developing high moral. These characteristics are all evident in a PLC. â€Å"When schools truly begin to align their practices with a commitment to learning for all, the educators within them begin to function as a Professional Learning Community† (DuFour, DuFour Eaker, 2008, p. 21). The PLC is more of an re-culturing instead of a school reform. It is an ongoing process through which a staff works collaboratively to share learning goals. In order to reach the goals set forth in laws such as NCLB, a school must change it’s culture to maintain an ongoing collaborative process to enhance everyone’s effectiveness to improve student behavior ( Nygard, 2010). Four Essential Questions The first role in building a successful learning community is to formulate a solid base of shared mission, vision, values, and goals. These four are the building blocks of a solid foundation for decision making for school improvement. Mission or purpose is the first block and focuses on the question â€Å"Why do we exist?† The second block is vision or the direction the school is headed. It asks the question â€Å"What kind of school or district do we hope to become?† A values block asks â€Å"HowShow MoreRelated Professional Learning Communities Essay2717 Words   |  11 Pagesisolated confinements of each teacher’s classroom with some periodic whole-group professional development (Goddard Goddard, 2007). Within the past few decades, many schools and districts, including ours, have considered and experimented with Professional Learning Communities (PLC) as an alternative framework in guiding a more efficient development program for their teachers. PLCs are focused on enhancing student learning through developing teacher practices. The concept of PLC relies on using structuredRead MoreProfessional Learning Communities : The Mentor812 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional Learning Communities: The Mentor The mind of education has changed in the last few years to get away from teachers working alone in isolation to a new idea of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs). In contrast to the traditional paradigm of professional development in which teachers attend off-site workshops and conferences that may or may not inspire them to change their thinking or instruction, the Professional Learning Community (PLC) involves teachers in site-based, ongoing,Read MoreProfessional Learning Communities : A Teacher s Perspective1013 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"McLaughlin and Talbert (2006) defined professional learning communities as â€Å"[organizational structures in which] teachers work collaboratively to reflect on their practice, examine evidence about the relationship between practice and student outcomes, and make changes that improve teaching and learning for the particular students in their classes† (pp. 3–4).† (Teague, 2012, pg. 58) This quote explains what I person ally think of professional learning communities should be and what areas they shouldRead MoreA Study on Professional Learning Communities737 Words   |  3 PagesProfessional Learning Communities Abstract PLC means professional learning communities which are set up by teachers in order to help the students who seem to be lagging behind the others academically. This is a way to reach out to the students on a more personal level, where they get to interact not only with the books, but also with the teachers who are able to guide them by recognizing their strengths and their weaknesses. This form of assistance goes a long way in assisting the student developRead MoreWhat Is a Professional Learning Community1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a Professional Learning Community? NaKishia D. Glenn Gardner-Webb University Abstract Throughout this paper you will be able to gain more knowledge on what a Professional Learning Community (PLC) is. I will explore two different areas: general characteristics of PLCs and the big ideas that are associated with them. I will refer to different types of students throughout this paper. When I mention high achievers I will be referring to those are students whose test scores put them in theRead MoreTeaching And Professional Learning Communities882 Words   |  4 PagesFurthermore, our class on Professional Learning Communities (PLC) also had a great impact on me as an instructional coach. One of my responsibilities each week is to lead teachers in PLC. As stated previously, last year was my first year in this new role. My partner left the district very late in the summer and we were unable to find a replacement so I was doing the job of two people. I wasn’t sure how PLC was supposed to be structured and I didn’t have anyone to lean on for support, so I di dRead MoreProfessional Learning Communities Of Educators4217 Words   |  17 Pages Optimising professional learning communities in education for the creation, dissemination and transfer of innovative pedagogies. The aim of the research is to provide recommendations to teacher educators on the most effective ways to facilitate the development and dissemination of innovative educational practice through professional learning communities of educators. The objectives of the study are to: †¢ Evidence the development, dissemination and transfer of innovative educational practiceRead MoreHigh School And Community Professionalism1335 Words   |  6 PagesHigh School on March 23, 2017. My main focus will be on the school and community professional branch of West Chester University’s Conceptual Framework. My idea of ‘school and community professionalism’ has changed drastically since starting observations at Kennett High School. Initially, my thoughts on professionalism considered one side of the educational equation: teachers. It was my belief that teachers uphold the professional standards of the school; which is partially true. Teachers are responsibleRead MoreCollaborative And Collegial Practices Focused On Improving Instructional Practice And Student Learning1328 Words   |  6 PagesInstructional Practice and Student Learning According to Danielson (2011), criterion 8 of the Danielson framework is part of the TPEP (Teacher/Principal Evaluation Pilot) structure that focuses on the professional practices and how teachers participate collaboratively in the educational community to improve instruction, and ultimately student growth. It is an important focus because it promotes student learning, showing that teachers must work with their colleagues to share learning techniques, arrange collectiveRead MoreSupervisory Platform and Evaluation System694 Words   |  3 PagesIn any school, student learning is the ultimate goal and the focus of an effective learning community. In today’s society, the education system is called upon to teach all students at high levels. It has been established through significant research that teachers have a high impact on student learning, according to the RAND Corporation, â€Å"research suggests that, among school-related factors, teachers matter most. When it comes to s tudent performance on reading and math tests, a teacher is estimated

The Soothing Sensation That Is Bath Salts Free Essays

string(116) " room by the local police after they received multiple phone calls reporting an assailant breaking into their home\." The Soothing Sensation That is Bath Salts Introduction â€Å"Oh yeah, me and my girlfriend have a big bag of lavender bath salts sitting at home,† was the initial reaction when I asked a fellow engineer to portray as a testimonial for our borderline inappropriate bath salts infomercial. Contrary to popular belief, this new synthetic drug is far away from producing any effects that are similar to that of a relaxing bath. Until recently, bath salts were popularized to be a â€Å"legal high. We will write a custom essay sample on The Soothing Sensation That Is Bath Salts or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to tip toe around the federal drug regulatory laws, bath salts were marked with a warning label that mentioned â€Å"not for human consumption. † In South Carolina, before the ban on October 24th 2011, bath salts could be purchased at one of the many head shops, gas stations, and even online. The appearance of the drug itself is usually in a powdered form that is sold within a package that is very aesthetically pleasing. These packages are sold under a variety of appealing names such as Ivory Wave, Vanilla Sky, Bliss, Blue Silk and etc. The composition of the synthetic drug bath salts can vary from dealer to dealer. Sometimes you may find traces of other stimulant drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, or ecstasy, but the most important culprit in bath salts is 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). MDPV falls under the category of phenethylamines and it is structurally related to synthetic cathinones. Synthetic cathinones are a group of drugs that are derivatives of the natural plant Catha edulis (also known khat), that contain the chemical phenylalkylamine alkaloid (Coppola, 2011). The remainder of the paper will provide some of the current available information such as pharmacokinetics, neurophysiology, and a brief discussion about MDPV as the primary active ingredient in bath salts. Pharmacokinetics The routes of administration of bath salts are similar to that of drugs in the â€Å"salt† class. The most common method is insufflation which results in faster onset of the effects but does not have a long duration. There are also other routes of administration preferred by drug enthusiasts; these mechanisms include parietal injections, intravenously, â€Å"bombing,† and also rectal administration. The â€Å"bombing† method involves putting the salt crystals in to cigarette paper to form a capsule and then simply swallowing it. The rectal administration requires an individual to dissolve the salt crystals in a type of liquid vehicle (i. e. water) and then introduce the liquid to the rectum via the anus. The absorption of MDPV is primarily dependent on the route of administration. The nasal route obviously has the quickest absorption. On the other hand, the oral administration is absorbed poorly because when taken orally, the rate of absorption compares to that of cocaine. The metabolism of MDPV in the human liver occurs similarly to that of other synthetic cathinone. The process involves multiple steps and the last of which is where the catechol ring of MDPV is methylated by COMT (Prosser, 2011). COMT is one of several enzymes that are involved in the degradation of catecholamines (i. e. dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Finally, after the metabolism, the excretion of MDPV waste occurs through the urine of feces. Since there are no published, the duration of the effects of MDPV must be recorded with the word of mouth from experienced users. The drug effects start presenting themselves approximately 10-20 minutes after nasal administration and duration is close to 2. 5 hours. With oral administration, users report the effect to set in between 15-45 minutes after ingestion and the duration can last anywhere from 3-4 hours (in rare cases as much as 12 hrs) (Psychonaut, 2009). Neurophysiology As mentioned previously, due to the limited amount of available information for understanding the mechanism of physiological action of MDPV, the neurophysiology is theorized to have a similar mechanism to that of amphetamines and MDMA. This comparison is highly based on the structural similarities between amphetamines and synthetic cathinones (Prosser, 2011). The effects of amphetamines and their derivatives are produced by the three-fold effect on monoamine synapses. First, amphetamine-like drugs cause a leakage of neurotransmitters (NTs) from the presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Second, they also increase the amount of NTs released in response to an action potential. Finally, there is an inhibition of monoamine reuptake from the synaptic cleft. As a result of the three-fold effect, there is an increase in concentration of NTs in the synaptic cleft which prolongs and enhances the effect of MDPV. Effects of MDPV on the Mind and Body Similar to most highly abused substances, MDPV has a laundry list of physical and psychological effects, including both desired and undesired. This data of effects is generated from first hand users and from the thousands of hospital admissions. With initial administration of MDPV, users can feel some desired effects that are not necessarily harmful (including but not limited to): increased energy, increased sociability, mild euphoria, increased concentration, sexual arousal (Coppola, 2011 Psychonaut 2009). Individuals that experience these non-harmful side effects are considered to be very lucky because on the other side of the coin are some very serious undesired psychoactive side effects. These undesired effects include extreme paranoia, delusional thinking, visual auditory hallucinations, self-mutilation, insomnia, violence, and restlessness (Prosser, 2011). Side effects of MDPV travels in pairs, if it affects the mind it will also have an effect on the body. Effects on the body include hypertension, tachycardia, chest pains, vasoconstriction, muscle twitches, bruxism, insomnia, and lack of appetite (Psychonaut, 2009). Currently, there is no effective treatment against MDPV overdose. The only method that is considered is to treat the physiological symptoms as they rise in order to prevent the individual from cause harm to themselves or others. To integrate all of the information I have provided in the paper thus far, I will present one of the many case studies that were published by medical doctors after this dramatic increase in hospital admissions as a consequence of MDPV psychosis. A 27-year-old female named J. H was brought to the emergency room by the local police after they received multiple phone calls reporting an assailant breaking into their home. You read "The Soothing Sensation That Is Bath Salts" in category "Essay examples" Upon arrival of the police, they were notified that there was a dead body in the hallway and that the homeowners were next for being killed. The police soon deduced that J. H. as suffering from paranoid delusions. In the emergency room, J. H. presented with hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and extreme fear but there were no sign of a physical disorder. When the results for her complete blood count, the comprehensive metabolic panel and the drug urine test returned completely unremar kable, she was transferred to the hospital’s psychiatric unit. The psychiatric staff recorded that she had a disorganized thought process, poor memory and was still convinced that she was in imminent danger. The only option for the doctors that was available was to start J. H. n treatment for Schizophrenia. The following day, her condition mildly improved and she was able to inform the doctors about the events that resulted with her being hospitalized. Apparently, she had a past history of opiate dependence, and one day, her and her boyfriend discovered bath salts, under the name of â€Å"Powdered Rush,† at a local head shop. They admitted to being on a binge period by insufflation for about five to six days prior to admission. The doctors concluded that paranoid psychosis from MDPV developed very much like that seen with methamphetamines and other psychostimulants. After three to four days of sleep deprivation, there was an onset of paranoid psychosis symptoms. She was released from the hospital a few days later after she was able to recover from sleep exhaustion (Antonowicz, 2011). Discussion As of November 2011, it was reported that there is currently no research that focuses on addiction and withdrawal related to synthetic cathinones (Prosser, 2011). This means that conclusions about MDPV related addiction, dependence, and withdrawal must be extrapolated from other drugs that are similar in structure and mechanism of action. As discussed previously, the mechanism of MDPV is by inhibiting the reuptake of catecholamines to produce strong stimulant effects. MDPV stimulates the ventral tegmental area to release more dopamine, which in turn will project to multiple areas of the brain: prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and the hippocampus. All of these structures contribute to the conditioning and reinforcing behavior of MDPV. Since the reuptake of dopamine is inhibited, there is going to be an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. One can imagine the addictive, dependence, and tolerance properties of MDPV to be a combination of the properties of morphine, cocaine, and ecstasy. To elaborate, the pattern of administration of MDPV resembles to morphine because there is a slow increase in the dose over time required to acquire the necessary effect. Then the administration pattern of ecstasy also factors in because of cravings it causes. When an individual abuses ecstasy the serotonin will become scarce over time due to overstimulation. The low levels of serotonin will cause the individual to crave more ecstasy, but no amount of ecstasy will help. Similarly, the over production of MDPV causes the catecholamines to run low in supply and cause the addict to crave more. Finally, the other pattern that contributes to MDPV resembles the administration pattern of cocaine. The components of cocaine administration pattern that is relative to MDPV are the binge and exhaustion periods. Individuals will abuse MDPV for a period of time and due to sleep deprivation the individual will crash. In conclusion, when we integrate the three patterns together, the overall pattern of MDPV will show an increase in dose of administration until the individual either crashes from exhaustion or passes away due to an event that occurred in psychosis. When viewing the overall pattern of MDPV use, it is easy to see that majority of the time this drug can be extremely harmful. But, some users report that when MDPV is ingested at low doses, it produces a stimulant effect that is similar to methylphenidate. This glimpse of reported user experiences can make MDPV a candidate for ADD/ADHD treatment (Psychonaut, 2009). One of the factors that can increase the frequency of abuse of MDPV is the marketing of the bath salts themselves. The overall design and nomenclature that the bath salts are sold under are very aesthetically pleasing. Through personal experience, prior to the ban of bath salts, the price was very affordable when compared to the quality of effect (approximately $18 for 50 mg). Now after the federal ban, the price of some bath salts online range from $900 to $2200 for a large quantity. Many news reports suggest that there is a common misconception of harm when it comes to substances such as bath salts or other similar â€Å"legal† substances. Just because there are substances that seem to sneak around the drug regulations, they should be assumed as being safe. Statistics from the American Association of Poison Control Centers state that there were 1782 calls nationwide to poison centers about designer drugs labeled as â€Å"bath salts† just during the first four months of 2011. This was an exponential increase when compared to just 302 calls in all of 2010 (AAPCC). Mark Ryan, director of the Louisiana Poison Center, writes a quote for an article on Drugs. com that said: â€Å"If you ake the very worst effects of the illegal drugs LSD and Ecstasy with their hallucinogenic, delusional type properties, and combine them with the extreme agitation, superhuman strength and combativeness of PCP, as well as the stimulant properties of cocaine and methamphetamines, you have summarized the potential negative effects of bath salts use. † In conclusion, there has been a dramatic increase in the abuse of bath salts with the primary ingredient being MDPV. The current approach of gathering information for the mechanism of action of MDPV is mostly done by modulating the internet. Despite the lack of research on synthetic cathinones, individuals still take the risk to abuse MDPV. But based on similarities found between MDPV and other stimulants, we can theorize the mechanisms of action in the central nervous system. In my opinion, if you have not exposed yourself to MDPV it would be a wise decision to keep it that way because, metaphorically speaking, MDPV is like your girlfriend; it not only screws with your body but also your mind. 🙂 (I thought I would put a smiley face so that I can actually get to see it). References 1. American Association of Poison Control Centers. . Antonowicz, J. , Metzger, A. , Ramanujam, S. (2011). Paranoid psychosis induced by consumption of methylenedioxypyrovalerone: two cases. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 640. e5-640. e6. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the SciVerse ScienceDirect database. 3. Coppola, M. , Mondola, R. (2011). 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of a new d esigner drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicology Letters, 208(1), 12-15. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the ScienceDirect database. 4. Hallucinogens Legally Sold as ‘Bath Salts’ a New Threat – Drugs. om MedNews. (n. d. ). Drugs. com | Prescription Drug Information, Interactions Side Effects. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://www. drugs. com/news/hallucinogens-legally-sold-bath-salts-new-threat-2 9344. html 5. Prosser, J. , Nelson, L. (2011). The Toxicology of Bath Salts: A Review of Synthetic Cathinones. American College of Medical Toxicology, 7, 1-10. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the SpringerLink database. 6. Psychonaut: Psychonaut WebMapping Research Group, MDPV Report, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK (2009). How to cite The Soothing Sensation That Is Bath Salts, Essay examples

Preceptorship Implementation Enrolled Nurse Working

Question: Describe about the Report for Preceptorship Implementation of Enrolled Nurse Working. Answer: You are a senior Enrolled Nurse working on an Acute Medical ward at an acute hospital. You are a dedicated, passionate and caring nurse and who have been working as an Enrolled Nurse for 10 years. You have been working in your current position for about 6 years and as such you have a good working relationship with your Nurse Unit Manager and get on well with most the staff members on the ward. Today you have been asked to meet with your Nurse Unit Manager and he/she had informed you of the hospital new policy to implement pre-registration preceptorship program (for both EN and RN students) in your hospital within a year time frame. Your ward had been chosen as pilot ward for this new roll out of pre-registration preceptorship program. As you are a passionate, flexible and engaging senior EN who had received great feedback from past nursing students on your ward, the NUM had allocated you as the project lead to launch the preceptorship program. As usual you will have the continuous support from your NUM as needed; as well you will have the support of Clinical Nurse Educators from the hospital. You are very excited about this great opportunity to lead a team and contribute positively to nursing, thus you have organised your first meeting to discuss the preceptorship launch with the rest of the nursing staff members on your ward. The aim of the preceptorship program; Traditionally the Clinical Nurse Educators from the hospital would look after the students and they would undertake the students assessments and teaching. With the implementation of the preceptorship program, every student both RN and EN undertaking clinical placement on your ward will be allocated to work with one or two of the preceptor/buddy nurses for the entire placement of the clinical placement. The preceptors (RN or EN) will then be required to undertake the students learning requirements and their clinical assessments to teach and help support the students on their journey to becoming competent dedicated Enrolled or Registered Nurses. Your observations during the first meeting; Staff members consist of NUM, Registered Nurses, Enrolled nurses and Health care assistants. Some of your observations from the initial meeting are as followed; Some of the staff members are excited to hear about the program are eager to help Some are quiet and dont say much Some of the staff members are uneasy about this launch of the preceptorship program Thinking about some of the essential concepts of team building, leadership skills, developing team cohesion, encouraging innovative ideas and facilitating team work and operational aspect such as liaising with your manager and following your hospital policies and procedures. Plan to achieve team outcomes As a team leader for the launch of preceptorship program on your ward please discuss your plans/ideas to achieve your objective of implementing the preceptorship program on your ward. (S or NYS) Salas et. al. (1992) defines a team as set of two or more people who come together to interact, adapt and work interdependently towards achieving a common goal. During the formation of a team, members are usually confused and are unclear about the tasks to be accomplished by the team. I would therefore take charge and clearly establish the teams policies and goals. The purpose of establishing policies and goals would be to eliminate confusion and help team members to clearly understand the main aim of forming the team. I would then identify the strengths and weaknesses of each team member then thereafter outline the specific roles and duties of each team member based on their strengths and weaknesses. Setting specific performance requirements for each team member will ensure that the individual team members clearly understand what is required from each of them and will therefore ensure they work efficiently to meet their individual targets. I would then monitor and assess how the ind ividual team members perform in team projects in the ward and note down the issues that affect effective team work. If the issues affect the whole team, I would organize meetings where the team discusses positive recommendations to resolve them. If it is an individual issue, then I would handle it privately to avoid demoralizing team members in front of their colleagues (Costa et. al. 2014) Lead team to develop cohesion Participate in and facilitate work team How would you ensure that all staff members on the ward participate and contribute positively to the implementation of the preceptorship program? (S or NYS) The success of the preceptorship program depends on all nurses offering positive contributions to the team. I would therefore encourage the nurses to identify with the preceptorship program at a personal level. I would achieve this by letting the nurses know that they act as role models to the students who are attached to them. Communicating openly and honestly with the team members enables them to understand as much as I do about the project and also motivates team members to have a sense of ownership in the project. I would also include the team members in the planning and decision making process. This will ensure that every team member has a sense of being a leader in the group rather that looking up to me as the leader to come up with all decisions. With everybody feeling like a leader, they will be more motivated to succeed. To facilitate team work, I would encourage the ENs and the RNs to assist each other in the ward when they encounter difficulties while undertaking their spe cific roles and duties. To further facilitate cohesion and team work, I would encourage team members to constantly communicate with each other and share ideas about issues, concerns and problems that they may face in the ward (Henderson Eaton 2013; Trede Bernoth 2016). As a leader how would you ensure that the staff members who are proactive about the program to stay interested? (S or NYS) Proactive members are usually self-directed and are willing to take full responsibility for the decisions and actions they make within the work environment. The proactive team members will do even better when they feel that the team leaders have complete trust in the decisions that they make. Therefore, rather than enforcing my management decisions on these team members, I would perform minimum supervision and let these members come up with their own solutions to the problems they may face. I would accept the fact that nobody is perfect and that mistakes are bound to happen when the team members are left to make decisions on their own. As a team leader, recognising a team members efforts even when they fail will help encourage the members to keep trying since they will know there will be no repercussions even when they make wrong decisions. I would also constantly compliment and provide positive feedback to these team members. The complements and feedback are important because they a ct as a source of encouragement for these team members. This further ensures that these members stay motivated and continue having a positive outlook on the preceptorship program. When proactive members demonstrate great initiatives in the ward, offering rewards is a great way to provide recognition. Rewards may be in the form of free lunch with the NUM or other senior hospital executives. The rewards will also serve as a source of motivation to other team members who may be apprehensive about the program. How would you ensure engagement and positive contribution from the staff members who may be hesitant and apprehensive about the introduction of preceptorship program? (S or NYS) These are the undecided team members. They still do not have an opinion on whether the program will eventually be beneficial to the students or not. I would therefore spend time with these team members and try to understand their perspective concerning teamwork in the preceptorship program. According to Sravani (2016), confidence matters greatly when you are trying to convince team members to embrace team work. Therefore, confidently and patiently explaining the goal/goals of our team to the hesitant team members ensures that they at least have a brief overview of the program from my own perspective while still fully believing in me and the decisions I make. According to Liden et. al. (2014), briefly outlining the eventual benefits of a team to the team members helps in convincing more members to come on board and support the goal/goals of a team. I would therefore outline the benefits that the students are set to gain when they are placed under our teams preceptorship program. I wou ld also answer the questions that these members may have regarding how the team will work to ensure a successful preceptorship program. Additionally, some team members may be hesitant to join the team because of previous bad experiences in the teams they participated in previously. Encouraging and assuring hesitant team members that this team is different from other teams they have indulged in previously ensures that these team members start to participate positively towards the teams goals. As a leader how would you ensure positivity and engagement from the team members who are vocal in their hesitation and feels negatively about the program? (S or NYS) Though negative team members will eventually drive down the overall performance of the whole team, a good team leader knows that every team member has a right to voice their ideas and opinions. The team leader is also not easily discouraged when some team members appear to reject him and his decisions (Schimmel and Jacobs 2014). The team leader should therefore be flexible and have the ability to accommodate every team members needs. This eventually promotes trust among team members and also helps convince hesitant team members to join the team. To ensure positivity and engagement, I would stay calm and spend time with these members and listen to the various reasons which make them feel that the team will not effectively handle the program. I would then seek their opinion about what should be changed so that we can come up with a better strategy in handling the program as a team. After this, I would incorporate their opinions in the teams strategic plan so that these team members wil l also feel included in the preceptorship program (Liden et. al. 2014). When some of these team members decide to join the rest of the team, I would privately and publicly acknowledge their input to reinforce their positive engagement. Publicly acknowledging them motivates the rest of the vocal team members to try and work with the rest of the team. How can you as a team leader personally contribute to bringing about team cohesion and promoting preceptorship on the ward? (S or NYS) To promote cohesion among team members, all team members must understand the teams goals and objectives. I would ensure I provide a clear path that all team members should follow for the team to achieve its goals. I would also monitor how the team members work together in the ward and this would help me pinpoint and address the issues that hinder effective teamwork. I would also communicate constantly with the team members and also encourage them to communicate with each other regularly. Consistent communication will help team members establish a friendly environment where they can freely share ideas about issues they encounter in the ward. Teams cannot be perfect and they are bound to experience conflicts now and then. As a good team leader, I would always be available to resolve conflicts that may arise between team members. By settling these conflicts personally, I would ensure the overall goal of the team is not affected. I would also then take part in the preceptorship program b y personally guiding students through activities in the ward hence acting as a role model to the other team members. Finally, I would encourage the team members to give feedback concerning the overall functioning of the team. I would then use this feedback to accurately modify the team and keep team members functioning well. Liaise with management Please discuss strategies that you would use to ensure that you keep your NUM and hospital executive management up to date on the progress of the preceptorship implementation. (S or NYS) A good communication strategy should ensure a constant and effective exchange of information between the sender and the receiver. Where messages are urgent and feedback is required quickly, I would use phone calls to communicate with the NUM and the hospitals management. I would then follow-up the phone calls with emails to ensure that the NUM and hospital management at least have a written reference point about the current progress of the program. I would also prepare bimonthly or monthly reports which I would send to the NUM and to the members of the executive management of the hospital. The reports would detail the activities that have been previously carried out by the team and the activities that are currently being carried out by the team members. Reports would also include a list of the problems that the program is currently facing and how we, as a team, are handling them. Where frequent clarification is required, I would schedule weekly and monthly meetings where I, as the te am leader, would meet with the NUM and the executive management to discuss the progress of the preceptorship program. (Grunig 2013). How would you lead this project to ensure that the staff members are kept up to date with potential requirements and changes to the preceptorship program from your NUM or the hospital executive management team? (S or NYS) To ensure staff members are up to date with potential changes, effective communication must be established between the hospital management team and the team members. Failure to communicate potential changes leads to uncertainty and indecisiveness within the team. I would use phone calls to communicate urgent messages sent from the NUM or the executive management team to the team members. The phone calls would be used to pass basic information regarding potential changes in the preceptorship program and to receive feedback quickly from the team members. Where every team members opinion needs to be heard, I would also schedule meetings which the NUM or some members of the hospital executive management may attend and talk directly to the team members. Meetings ensure that the specific message concerning potential changes is heard by everybody and that team members are given an opportunity to voice their concerns about the same. If changes or requirements affect a single team member, the n I would arrange for a one-on-one meeting where I can discuss these potential changes in a less formal setting. Emails provide a quick way to send written messages to a number of people. I would send emails to the team members if the message to be passed is short and concise. I would also use memos when I want to send short messages that require the immediate action of the team members (Grunig 2013). Part 1 Scenario: Marking guide ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA S NS 1. Plan to achieve team outcomes Able to lead the team effectively to identify, establish and document team purpose, roles, responsibilities, goals, plans and objectives in consultation with team members Actively promotes team members to in cooperate innovative and productive measures in work plans Able to lead and support team members in meeting expected outcomes 2.Lead team to develop cohesion Provide opportunities for input of team members into planning, decision making and operational aspects of work team Encourage support team members to take responsibility for own work and to assist each other in undertaking required roles and responsibilities Provide feedback to team members to encourage, value and reward individual and team efforts and contributions Able to recognise and address issues, concerns and problems identified by team members or refer to relevant persons as required Able to model expected behaviours and approaches 3. Participate in and facilitate work team Actively encourage team members to participate in and take responsibility for team activities and communication processes Give the team support to identify and resolve problems which impede its performance Ensure own contribution to work team serves as a role model for others and enhances the organisation's image within the work team, the organisation and with clients/customers 4. Liaise with management Maintain open communication with line manager/management at all times Communicate information from line manager/management to the team Communicate unresolved issues, concerns and problems raised by the team/team members to line manager/management and ensure follow-up action is taken Communicate unresolved issues, concerns and problems related to the team/team members raised by line managers/management to the team and ensure follow-up to action is taken Part 2: Reflective Practice Feedback The use of reflection by nurses begins with the recognition and appreciation of the individuals experience and the belief that people learn from personal experiences, (Crisp., Taylor others., 2014, pg. 542.) Self-reflection on own performance Reflecting on your experience/s in completing this assessment task Criteria: Satisfactory (S) or Not yet satisfactory (NYS) Please provide a positive feedback on your own performance I extensively read and researched about team work and I am confident I provided adequate information for all the questions that were asked. I have learnt a lot about how to effectively start and manage a team to ensure common goals are met effectively and on time. I have also learnt that honest and effective communication among team members is key to ensure that cohesion and team work is established within any team. I feel that completing this assignment exposed me to more information regarding team work and now I appreciate the benefits of team work in the work environment. Additionally, seeing that team work helps realize goals faster and more efficiently, I am now more positive and willing to take part in team work. Please provide a constructive feedback on your own performance (if you could re-do this assessment again whats one thing would you change?) I have concern that I might have spent a lot of time reading and researching primarily on teamwork in nursing teams and in the hospital setting. This has therefore exposed me team work primarily in the medical field. I understand that some components and aspects of team work may be similar across different professions but I still would have loved to find out exactly which aspects are similar and which ones vary. I therefore feel that if I could re-do this assignment, I would try and research more about teamwork in other professional setups as well. This would then help me gain more knowledge on how to indulge in team work in other fields apart from nursing. I would also read and research about other better methods that may be used to realize a teams goals faster. References Costa, P., Passos, A. and Bakker, A. (2014). Teamwork Engagement: A model of Emergence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, [online] Volume 87(2), pp. 414-436. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arnold_Bakker /publication/260280956_Team_work_engagement_A_model_of_emergence/links/54f9afd50cf21ee4fdedeec1.pdf [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Grunig, J.E. (2013). Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, pp. 285-326. Henderson, A. and Eaton, E. (2013). Assisting nurses to facilitate student and new graduate learning in practice settings: What support do nurses at the bedside need? Nurse Education in Practice, 13(3), pp. 197-201. Liden, R., Wayne, S., Liao, C. and Meuser, D. (2013). Servant Leadership and Serving Culture: Influence on Individual and Unit Performance. Academy of Management, 57(5), pp. 1434-1452. Salas, E., Dickinson, T., Converse, A. and Tennenbaum, S. (1992). Towards an Understanding of Team Performance and Training. Teams: Their Training and Performance, Norwood: Ablex, pp. 2-29. Shinners, J., Mallory, C. and Franqueiro, T. (2013). Preceptorship Today: Moving Toward Excellence. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 44(11), pp. 482-483. Sravani, K. (2015). How to Convince People to Join your Startup. Wisestep, Available at: https://content.wisestep.com/how-to-convince-people-to-join-you-startup-best-tips/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016] Trede, F., Sutton, K. and Bernoth, M. (2016). Conceptualisations and perceptions of the nurse preceptor's role: A scoping review. Nurse Education Today, [online] Volume 36, pp. 268-274. Available at: https://www.nurseeducationtoday.com/article/S0260-6917%2815%2900302-0/pdf [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]